Social Network Strategy to Counter Acts of Terrorism in Indonesia: A Structural Hole Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
The ISIS terrorist group still poses a serious threat in Indonesia, especially because it operates in a network (net-terrorism) so that the handling of this terrorist group often does not reach its roots. The research is aimed to reveal the social network strategy in resolving terrorist acts in Indonesia using a structural hole theory. The research method is a qualitative research approach with secondary data analysis from four sources: books, journal articles, previous related research, and the Law of the Republic of Indonesia. The data above is then processed with Ucinet-Draw to calculate the linkage score between members in the network and then see the movement map for each ISIS network in Indonesia: Jakarta, Poso, and Surabaya. Thus, this study proves that there is a gap in the structure of the ISIS group's communication network in Indonesia. The research results revealed that many terrorist acts in Indonesia had the same pattern, namely the strong communication network between terrorist actors. Terrorist actors carried out at least three tertius strategies, namely tertius gaudens, tertius inguens, and a combination of the two. Through the tertius strategy, the government will be able to play its most crucial role in taking preventive actions against actors in terrorist networks. Therefore, the government needed to carry out various integration strategies with various institutions to conduct deradicalization appropriately.
Article Details
Authors who publish with Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia agrees to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
References
Agiesta, F. S. (2018). 4 Penemuan Mengejutkan Peninggalan Teroris Setelah Digeledah Polisi. merdeka.com. Repéré à https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/4-penemuan-mengejutkan-peninggalan-teroris-setelah-digeledah-polisi.html
Aljunied, S. M. A. (2011). Religious Freedom in Malaysia’s ‘Islamic State’: Comparisons with the Islamic State of Medina. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 31(1), 112-123.
Aminah, S. (2016). Peran pemerintah menanggulangi radikalisme dan terorisme di Indonesia. Inovasi Pembangunan: Jurnal Kelitbangan, 4(01), 83-101.
Arnaz, F. (2020). Jaringan Teroris Jatim-Banten Gunakan Strategi JI. Berita Satu. Repéré à https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/626555/jaringan-teroris-jatimbanten-gunakan-strategi-ji
Ashgar, A. (2016). Gerakan Terorisme tahun 2015: Pola Serangan, Jumlah Korban, dan Wajah Baru Global Jihad. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 2(1).
Bakti, A. S. (2014). Merintis Jalan Mencegah Terorisme (Sebuah Bunga Rampai). Jakarta: Semarak Lautan Warna.
Bakti, A. S. (2016). Perang Semesta Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Melawan Radikalisasi dan Terorisme. Jakarta: Daulat Press.
Berto, AR. & Sunarwinadi, I. (2017). Are the Structural Holes a Form of Social? A Theoretical Debate. Dans International Conference on Administrative Science, Policy and Governance Studies (ICAS-PGS). Depok: Atlantis Press.
Berto, A. R., & Sunarwinadi, I. R. S. (2019). The Holes in Structural Holes Theory (A Literature Review). Proceedings of the Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2018). https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sores-18.2019.16
Burt, R.S. (1995). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage & Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. New York: Oxford University Press.
Castell, M. (2009). Communication Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
da Silveira Batista, H. M. C., y Rodriguez, M. V. R., Cardoso, K. A. W., Costa, H. G., & Dias, A. C. (2018). The social network analysis and its contribution to the mapping of scientific production in postgraduate programs. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, 15(2), 330-342.
Eriyanto. (2014). Analisis Jaringan Komunikasi: Strategi Baru dalam Penelitian Ilmu Komunikasi dan Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. Jakarta: Kencana.
Fahreza, A. (2020). Pencegahan Terorisme Berbasis Masyarakat Dengan Pembentukan Forum Koordinasi Pencegahan Terorisme Di Tiga Provinsi. Jurnal Sosiologi Nusantara, 6(1), 13-22.
Farisa, F. C. (2021). 552 Aksi Teror Terjadi Sejak Tahun 2000, Terbanyak Ada di Era SBY. Kompas. Repéré à https://nasional.kompas.com/
Firmansyah, H. (2011). Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Terorisme di Indonesia. Mimbar Hukum, 23(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16193
Fitriani, A. S., Putri, P., Sari, N., & Adriana, R. (2018). The Current State of Terrorism in Indonesia: Vulnerable Groups, Networks, and Responses. Dans Center for Strategic and International Studies. Jakarta.
Harahap, A. S., & Siregar, T. (2020). Model Pencegahan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Berbasis Adat Dalihan Na Tolu di Tapanuli Selatan. Pandecta Research Law Journal, 15(2), 295-310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v15i2.24678
Hikam, M. A. S. (2016). Deradikalisasi: Peran Masyarakat Sipil Indonesia Membendung Radikalisme. Jakarta: Kompas.
Holmes, D. (2005). Communication Theory: Media, Technology, and Society. London: Sage Publication Ltd.
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Ichsan, A. S. (2019). Konstruksi Pendidikan Relasi Kiai dan Santri di Pondok Pesantren Lintang Songo Piyungan Yogyakarta. Jurnal Darussalam: Jurnal Pendidikan, Komunikasi dan Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 11(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30739/darussalam.v11i1.458
Innews. (2021). Setara Institute Ungkap Strategi Baru Kelompok Teroris. Innews. Repéré à https://innews.co.id/setara-institute-ungkap-strategi-baru-kelompok-teroris/
Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. L. (2006). Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: From theory to practice. Field methods, 18(1), 3-20.
Jones, S. (2014). The Evolution of ISIS in Indonesia. IPAC Report, (13), 18.
Karlsen, R. (2015). Followers Are Opinion Leaders: The Role of People in the Flow of Political Communication on and Beyond Social Networking Sites. European Journal of Communication, 30(3), 1‑18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115577305
Liao, Y.-C., & Phan, P. H. (2016). Internal Capabilities, External Structural Holes Network Positions, and Knowledge Creation. The Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-015-9415-x
Lingo, EL., & O’Mahony, S. (2010). Nexus Work: Brokerage on Creative Projects. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2010.55.1.47
Masudi. (2015). Akar-akar Teori Konflik: Dialektika Konflik; Core Perubahan Sosial dalam Pandangan Karl Marx dan George Simmel. Fikrah, Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan, 3(1).
Monge, PR. & Contractor, N. (2003). Theories of Communication Networks. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mukhtar, S. (2016). Strategi Pemerintah Indonesia Menghadapi Terorisme dalam Era Demokratisasi. Reformasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 6(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33366/rfr.v6i2.691
Obstfeld, D. (2005). Social Networks, the Tertius iungens Orientation, and Involvement in Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.1.100
Perliger, A., & Pedahzur, A. (2011). Social network analysis in the study of terrorism and political violence. PS: Political Science & Politics, 44(1), 45-50.
Purwawidada, F. (2014). Jaringan Teroris Solo Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Keamanan Wilayah Serta Strategi Penanggulangannya (Studi Di Wilayah Solo, Jawa Tengah). Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 20(1), 1-22.
Reeve, Z. (2019). Terrorism as parochial altruism: Experimental evidence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1-24.
Rohmy, A. M., Suratman, T., & Nihayaty, A. I. (2020). Peranan Tentara Nasional Indonesia dalam Penindasan Terorisme Berbasis Agama. At-Turas: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 7(1), 101. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v7i1.1012
Rowley, T. J. (1997). Moving Beyond Dyadic Ties: A Network Theory of Stakeholder Influences. Academy of Management Review, 22(4).
Runturambi, A. J. S. (2017). Analisa Jaringan Sosial dalam Menelusuri Budaya Menyimpang di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan. Deviance: Jurnal Kriminologi, 1(1), 5.
Runturambi, A. J. S. (2017). Analisa Jaringan Sosial dalam Menelusuri Budaya Menyimpang di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan. Deviance: Jurnal Kriminologi, 1(1), 5.
Sadarusalam, B. W. A., & Hasan, K. (2019). Kontra Propaganda Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme dalam Menanggulangi Perkembangan Radikalisme di Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of Politics and Policy, 1(1).
Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Research and Development/R&D). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sulistiawati, A. (2018). Analisis Jaringan Komunikasi Tingkat Kelompok dalam Gapoktan. Jurnal Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat 2(2), 155-168.
Suryani, T. (2017). Terorisme dan Deradikalisasi: Pengantar Memahami Fundamentalisme Islam dan Strategi Pencegahan Aksi Terorisme. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 3(2).
Vera, E. R., & Schupp, T. (2006). Network Analysis in Comparative Social Sciences. Comparative Education, 42(3).
Wood, S., & Gardiner, S. (2019). Policing UK airports and schedule 7 of the terrorism act 2000: The young passengers’ perception of security measures. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1-22.
Yayla, A. S. (2019). Turkish ISIS and AQ foreign fighters: Reconciling the numbers and perception of the terrorism threat. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-23.
Yunus, M. (2016). Kajian Konsep Stabilitas Nasional terhadap Pengaruh Lingkungan Strategis. Lemhannas RI. Repéré à http://www.lemhannas.go.id
Zech, S. T., & Gabbay, M. (2016). Social network analysis in the study of terrorism and insurgency: From organization to politics. International Studies Review, 18(2), 214-243.
Zulfikar, M., & A. (2020). Peran Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme dalam Pemberantasan Terorisme di Indonesia. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 2(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i1.129-144